[Note: Using editorials as an indicator, this series presents views, understanding and attitude of the Urdu periodicals in India towards various developments concerning the Middle East. The selection of an item does not mean the endorsement or concurrence concur with their accuracy or views. Editor, MEI@ND]
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Roznama Rashtriya Sahara (National Sahara Daily), Delhi
Editorial, 22 August 2011, Monday
1. Confrontation between Egypt and Israel
Egypt has recalled its ambassador from Israel after five of its soldiers were killed by Israeli military. This has led to further strains in the relations between the two countries. It is important to note that after the downfall of Mubarak in Egypt tension prevails between the two neighbours. The current Egyptian government is more hawkish towards Israel and there are differences between them on the Palestine and border issues.

On the other hand the relations between Turkey and Israel have also become strained after Israeli military attack on Freedom Flotilla and the killing of many Turkish aid volunteers. Turkey has demanded Israel to apologise, which can lead to normalcy in relations; but Israel has refused to accede to Turkish demands even after it was clear that attack on Freedom Flotilla was proved to be a mistake by Israeli commandos. Egypt is the second country after Turkey with which Israeli relations have deteriorated. Due to this strain in relations, the 1979 Camp David Agreement between Israel and Egypt has come under threat as well.
As far as killing of five soldiers is concerned, Egyptian authorities said that Israeli military attacked and killed its soldiers who were guarding the borders. It has also been said that the incident occurred as a result of exchange of fire between Israeli military and Palestinian fighters, meaning the target of Israeli military were not Egyptian soldiers but Palestinian fighters. However, Egypt has demanded an apology from Israel over the incident. But it would be too much to expect Israel to do so particularly seeing the confrontationist attitude of Israel. The example of Turkey is there; Israel has refused to apologise or pay any compensation despite admitting its mistake and a tough stand by Turkey. The countries that are putting pressure on Palestinian leaders to come back on the negotiation table have not even bothered to ask Israel to apologise from Turkey for the killing of its aid workers. In such a scenario there are hardly any chances that Israel will apologise to Egypt for the killing of five soldiers by its security forces or to pay any compensation.

However, the issue has snowballed into a crisis like situation within Egypt. Huge number of protesters collected in front of the Israeli embassy in Cairo immediately after reports came about the incident, they demanded that the Egyptian government recall its ambassador from Israel and condemn the incident. The transition government announced the recall of its ambassador from Tel Aviv due to this pressure from agitated demonstrators. Moreover the government called the Israeli ambassador in Cairo to register its protest. The Egyptian cabinet has proposed a joint investigation into the incident but it seems very unlikely that Israel gets ready for any such investigation. The relations between the two countries may further strain over the issue.

As a matter of fact, the Israeli aggressive behaviour would not end until and unless its neighbours have the courage to counter it with force and conviction and take measures to be able to take direct and tough action against Israel. Whatever action Israel takes in the name of self-defence cannot be stopped through peaceful means because all such moves have been sabotaged by the US and Europe. The neighbours will have to strengthen their security apparatus else episodes like freedom flotilla and killing of Egyptian soldiers will continue and so will the continued suppression of Palestinian people.

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Roznama Sahafat (Journalism Daily), Delhi
Editorial, 23 August 2011, Tuesday
2. Qaddafi nears his End

According to the American sources, it is now a matter of days for Libyan ruler Muammar Qaddafi to lose power. This is possible because the reports coming in from Libya indicate that his popularity is declining day by day. Bashar al-Assad seems to be more resilient; the Syrian military is one of the best trained and equipped militaries among Arab countries. Although this military was twice defeated by Israel, it has remained loyal to Basher al-Assad and helped him. Initial reports indicated that part of its military may rebel against Bashar al-Assad, but these report could never be authenticated. Recently we have seen that the military in three Arab countries sided with the people against the government after a period from the start of protests. In Tunisia, the military sided with authoritarian ruler Zein El Abidine Ben Ali in the beginning and was ready to use force against the people, but when it realised the enormity of the people’s protest that had weakened the ruler then it changed its side thinking it better to side with the people. It decided to side with the people, because it realised that these dictators are temporary while it is the citizens of the country which remain intact through generations. The same thing happened in Yemen where initially the military helped the ruler then changed its loyalty towards people and the ruler had to flee the country. The same story was seen in Egypt as well. The Egyptian military had remained under the shadow of three military rulers, Col. Gamal Abdul Nasser, Gen. Anwar Sadat and Gen. Hosni Mubarak. The military had enjoyed huge privileges under all the three rulers. The military had always heeded to all the orders by Hosni Mubarak Hosni Hosni Mubarak suppressing a number of people’s movements; but once the people’s power at its best was on display at the Tahrir Square then the military officers realised that it is not possible to suppress this time as they also include the offspring of the military personnel themselves. Hosni Mubarak had to leave as a result. Qaddafi is also a military ruler, he was a colonel when he rebelled against King Idris of Libya and exiled him. Muammar Qaddafi had also accosted privilege to his military to keep it loyal to him. The military remained loyal for a long time but now it seems that the military has also began to realise that Qaddafi will not be able to tide over this storm. The peoples protest is increasing; the rebels have taken control over Benghazi, while Tripoli also does not seems to far from their reach now. The military knows that it is bound to be defeated. Qaddafi’s biggest jolt to date was defection by his confidant Abdul Salam Jallud who went to Durban on an official mission but fled to Italy rather than returning to Tripoli. Libya was an Italian colony before independence and Libyans still have lots of friends in Rome. This incident can prove to be the last nail in the coffin of Qaddafi’s rule in Libya. Fresh reports have confirmed that the rebels are fast moving forward from different directions and the military is losing its control each and every day. Probably, this was the reason that rebel leader Mustafa Abdul Jalil said that they are in touch with the inner circles of Qaddafi and the noose on Muammar Qaddafi’s rule has tightened. As the Arab world has not yet came out of the feudal system the rebellion there are also of old nature as it used to happen during the Mughal period, like the kings were used to be thrown out of their thrones.

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Roznama Rashtriya Sahara (National Sahara Daily), Delhi
Editorial, 23 August 2011, Tuesday
3. The Downfall of Qaddafi Regime
Finally the pro-democracy rebels have succeeded in taking control of the Libyan capital Tripoli after days of intense fighting which brought to an end to the four decade long rule of Col. Qaddafi. The reports about the rebels getting a boost from the NATO forces and the start of a final assault reaching within 20 kilometres of Tripoli started coming in since last week.

The news about intense fighting between rebels and Qaddafi forces came some days back which confirmed firing and bombardment in several parts of the city. It was in Tripoli that pro-democracy rebels had claimed to have killed 31 soldiers of Qaddafi’s forces and arrest of 42 of them. A number of sources said that Qaddafi’s downfall is near, even though some of the analysts had opined that it may not be very easy to remove Qaddafi.

On the contrary, the rebels finally captured Tripoli bringing an end to the long rule of Qaddafi. The doubts raised by the western media proved correct. It is also worth mentioning that most of the western countries had already removed their citizens from the capital. On the other hand a close confidant of Col. Qaddafi Abdul Salam Jallud left for Italy amid deteriorating situation. The situation in the capital city had so much went out of control of Qaddafi forces that people were being encouraged to take arms against Qaddafi in the mosques. Although Qaddafi, even after clear indications of his weakening position and coming defeat, termed the rebels as ‘mice’ trying to show that he is still in control, but eventually he met the same fate as the rulers of Tunisia and Egypt. The rebels could enter and take control of the city despite severe resistance by Qaddafi forces. His weakened position can be estimated by the fact that the rebels could also capture his sons, Muhammad and Seif al-Islam, while it was reported that Qaddafi has taken shelter in a hospital. The rebels have claimed that they have taken control over almost 95 percent of Tripoli. Meanwhile two audio messages of Qaddafi were also relayed which urged the people to take up arms and fight the rebels. However it is very unlikely that Qaddafi would be able to recapture control over Tripoli. The question now is what will happen to Qaddafi? Will he and his son Seif al-Islam will be handed over to the International Criminal Court at Hague or they will have to face the anger of rebels? NATO has said that it wants a peaceful transition of power and unity in the country, but in fact NATO has played an important role in bringing Libya to this condition. Many people who did not like Qaddafi sided with him just because of their hatred towards Europe and America and their imperialist policies. Qaddafi benefitted from such a situation and refused to start political reforms. However, it was Qaddafi’s uncompromising attitude and pride due to which Libya had to pay the price.

Now when it has become almost clear that Qaddafi’s rule has ended then it is the responsibility of the people of Libya in general and the pro-democracy rebels in particular to work for a smooth and peaceful transition of power putting aside the US and NATO and to work with responsibility to avoid any eventuality which may push Libya into further bloodshed.

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The Etemaad Urdu Daily (The Confidence Urdu Daily), Hyderabad
Editorial, 24 August 2011, Wednesday
4. Uncertainty Prevails in Libya
The intense fighting between the Qaddafi’s loyal forces and rebel militia is going on in Libya. According to the western media the centre of this fighting is the capital city of Tripoli. The rebels had claimed that three of Qaddafi’s sons have been arrested and Qaddafi himself is untraceable. These news reports gave an impression that the rebels can take full control over Tripoli anytime and the Qaddafi rule is taking its last breathe. But on Tuesday Qaddafi’s elder son Seif al-Islam re-emerged in a luxury Tripoli hotel where foreign journalists had been camping rubbishing the claim of rebel forces that he has been arrested and that they are in touch with the International Criminal Court at Hague to prosecute him for war crimes. These leaders had also claimed that they are planning the composition of the government to be formed after Qaddafi. It was also reported that a number of world leaders started to send congratulatory message to the rebels. Seif al-Islam said in an interaction with the foreign journalists that his father is still in control of government. He not only addressed the journalists but also led a procession of Qaddafi supporters in the streets of Tripoli making mockery of the rebel claims. The rebel leaders had said that their soldiers have attacked Libya from various sides and 80 percent of the city is in their control, including the government television head quarters and they further claimed that their security forces have built check post inside the capital.

Rumours also play some role during the wars. For the first time, the fact that western media has played an important role in spread of propaganda has also come to the fore. It is true that the condition in Libya is such that it is very difficult for the journalists to report through independent and neutral sources. They have to depend on rebel leaders for news. When the media representatives report from inside the four-wall of luxury hotels then rumours are also reported as truth. If Seif al-Islam would not have appeared in the hotel, it would have been supposed that it is an end of Qaddafi.

The government forces are still battling it out with the rebels. More than a dozen of people have either been killed or are injured. Qaddafi’s green flag can still be seen in numerous areas of Tripoli. Reports have come in that two big towns are stronghold of Qaddafi. The area between Tripoli and Benghazi on the south of Sehba through Sirte is still under the control of Qaddafi. Pentagon has said that its fighter jets launched scud missiles on several places in Libya which shows that the western countries are working behind the rebels. Communications Minister Musa Ibrahim has claimed that Qaddafi still has control over the military comprising 65,000 soldiers. Qaddafi also released audio messages two days back. He was urging his loyal tribes not to allow the burning of Tripoli and take arms to fight the rebels. However people’s reaction could not be known immediately. What can be confirmed is that the situation is uncertain and anything can happen tomorrow.

Whatever is happening today has worried the people of Libya. Musa Ibrahim has also indicated that Qaddafi government is ready to have direct talks with National transition Council of rebels. The Arab leaders should take immediate steps to bring an end to the bloodshed among brothers and Muslims in Libya. Even though Qaddafi was an authoritarian ruler, but in the wider interest of the people of Libya and for bringing peace he can be persuaded to go into exile as a goodwill measure. Revenge may not produce any healthy result. This can become counterproductive filling the Qaddafi’s tribes with hatred and call for revenge which will eventually push the country to foreign control. This is the right time to start negotiations as delays can further complicate the already complex situation.

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Roznama Hamara Samaj (Daily Our Society), Delhi
Editorial, 24 August 2011, Wednesday
5. Sunset on Qaddafi Regime
This world would eventually come to an end and this fact is accepted by everyone. The fact that whatever rises would decline one day is agreed by one and all. The kings and governments come and go, which nobody can deny and it is only the God who is all pervasive and permanent. Nobody except God will remain in power for eternity. The world has witnessed rulers, kings and lords since the beginning of history; the system continues and will continue till the end of life; nobody or nothing is permanent. Many more kings and monarchs will come, rise and decline as this is the law of nature. From the Pharaohs to Mubarak everybody lost his power; now it is time for Qaddafi. The rebels have captured Tripoli that has led to outbreak of celebrations. According to Al-Jazzera, the rebels have finally gained an unassailable upper hand over Qaddafi’s forces six months after its start. Rebels have claimed that Qaddafi’s forces have surrendered and numbers of them have been captured. Two sons of Qaddafi have also been arrested. The ICC has demanded Seif al-Islam to be handed over to them while Qaddafi himself has gone into hiding. The US President Barack Obama expressed his pleasure on the rebel’s success and asked the Libyan leader to surrender. He has also said that the US is committed towards the promotion of democracy in Libya demanding the transition council to take all parties into confidence. The NATO Secretary-General has said that it is a new beginning for the people of Libya. These are other rulers who are enjoying the fall of one of the members of their fraternity displaying their shameless behaviour. It is said that wherever the US goes it brings misery to the people. No doubt that the US has always practiced an imperialist foreign policy and has used many pretexts to extend its imperialist designs to new areas. The US may have succeeded in extending its control all over the world but a time will come when they will also decline. Obama will also lose power. The US must look at itself before it intervenes in other countries. As far as dictatorship in many countries is concerned then it shall also be remembered that all Americans are very proud people, full of arrogance and sense of superiority.  The US itself is a dictator, which the entire world is suffering from and it has removed Qaddafi through its terrorism which all justice loving person would condemn as whatever happened was against justice.

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Roznama Munsif (The Judge Daily), Hyderabad
Editorial, 24 August 2011, Wednesday
6. End of Qaddafi Regime?
With the news of the capture of Tripoli by the rebels the entire world started echoing with the noise of fall of Qaddafi. Reports about capture of his sons also came in but this soon proved to be a rumour. Qaddafi has also claimed that he will continue to fight. Large parts of Tripoli has fallen under rebel control and people have come out in celebrations but it does not mean that Qaddafi has fallen because he has not yet accepted defeat nor has he been captured. Libyan forces have also not surrendered. The capturing of Tripoli, however, is a major achievement of the rebels. It may become very difficult to sustain anymore for Qaddafi. The Green Square is now under the rebels and its name may also be changed to Martyr Square as it was known earlier.

The case in Libya is different from Egypt where the protests remained largely peaceful. The rebels have accused government forces of killing innocent citizens. The rebels have gained an upper hand due to NATO support especially the arms supplied by France; otherwise they would not have been able to challenge Qaddafi. Thousands of people have reportedly been killed and more than five thousand have injured in the past few days of fighting in Libya. Qaddafi’s army is still fighting but it seems that they have started to give up. The National Transition Council Chief Mustafa Abdul Jalil has announced that if Qaddafi agrees to leave the country he will end the fighting. The world is waiting for change in Libya. The US President and British Prime Minister have said that it is very clear that Qaddafi has lost and is now near his end. Libya will have a new government. But nobody knows how the transition of power would take place and will the new government be able to fulfil the aspirations of people of Libya. These are important questions which need to be immediately answered. It would depend on the rehabilitation process and on the new government. It is a crucial juncture in the history of Libya; first it would be important to bring an end to the fighting and bloodshed.

The western countries including the NATO members have been saying that their motive is to protect civilians. It is very important for the bright future of the people that the rule goes into the hands of democratic people. As far as the rebels are concerned questions were raised on their credentials when one of their commanders was killed by some of their members. Even though the NATO and West are with the rebels and the people have also celebrated their success; but it is important that the transition of power is peaceful and the new government do justice to the people. But nothing would be possible until and unless Qaddafi accepts defeat.

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The Siasat Daily (The Politics Daily), Hyderabad
Editorial, 24 August 2011, Wednesday
7. Libya, a Major Challenge
If the rebels come to power in Libya after biggest rebellion in Libya and subsequent end of Qaddafi then no doubt France and Britain would be the real power brokers in the country. The people of Libya would not gain any rights if the rebel leaders heed to the commands of West. The sons of Libyan leader appeared in front of media disclaiming the rumour of their arrest and have reiterated their resolve to continue fighting. Even though the rebels have almost captured Tripoli; but Obama’s stand with respect to Qaddafi is still confusing and a matter of worry for the rebel leadership. Qaddafi who was ruling over Libya with an iron hand since 1969 is facing the double standard of Western policy for democracy promotion. Mustafa Abdul Jalil has strong support in western parts of Libya. He expressed hope to arrest Qaddafi and prosecute him after taking hold of Tripoli. Qaddafi has issued an audio message reiterating his resolve to fight. The West, particularly Britain and France, did not leave any stone unturned to weaken the Qaddafi regime and to remove him from power. Will they be able to bring democracy to this troubled country is a big question. Even though the rebels seems to be united but there have been signs of differences within them which can spiral into major problem; that apart there are a large number of people who are still loyal to Qaddafi; all this can lead Libya into a civil war like situation. The international powers are looking for their interest in this oil rich country. Uncertainty prevails all around and it would be very difficult for the rebel leaders to bring Libya under their effective rule after what the authoritarian manner in which it was ruled by Qaddafi for the past four decades. Another challenge would be rehabilitation and administration of oil rich areas. If a working model of governance is not evolved soon then it can lead to further miseries for the people. Libya would also need international help and may also require international forces to maintain peace and security if NATO fails. The rebels have constituted a National Transition Council and Mustafa Abdul Jalil has emerged as their strongest leader but these are not experienced politicians which creates doubts for a successful formation of democratic government. The world powers are looking for oil resources in Libya, but they would not be able to do anything until an effective government takes over Libya. The political vacuum created by the departure of Qaddafi would be the biggest challenge for the country and its leadership.

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Roznama Rashtriya Sahara (National Sahara Daily), Delhi
Editorial, 26 August 2011, Friday
8. Libya on Path to become Afghanistan
The political climate in Libya is still clouded after claims by the rebels taking control over Tripoli and Qaddafi’s residence, Bab al-Aziziya. Many countries including the US and China have announced the end of 42 year rule of Qaddafi in their own ways. Rumours were also spread that Qaddafi’s elder son Seif al-Islam has been arrested, but he was later seen leading his supporters and encouraging them to fight. This confirms that the Libyan leader and his close aides are still out of the rebel’s reach and both the sides are battling it out on the streets of Tripoli for control. None of his aides seem to have left the country including Qaddafi himself. The audio message which came to the light on Wednesday confirms Qaddafi’s resolve to continue fighting.

So technically it would not be right to say that Qaddafi has fallen until he surrenders or is captured or killed. Although the situation indicate that it would now just a mere formality to remove Qaddafi, but facts are a bit different, Mustafa Abdul Jalil who is a rebel leader and who was the Justice Minister in Qaddafi’s cabinet has accepted that Qaddafi’s rule cannot be termed as ended till he is captured dead or alive. That is the reason why the Libyan traders have announced a prize of two million Dinar on his head, which is equivalent to $US 1.67 million. He has also appealed to his close aides to help in arresting Col. Qaddafi.

The ongoing fight between the Qaddafi supporters and rebels in the streets of Tripoli has surprised the world. The general perception was that once the Bab al-Aziziya compound is captured and Tripoli comes under control, Qaddafi’s fall would be announced and new government would be formed as it happens in usual circumstance of rebellion. But Libyan case has taken a new turn after capturing of the capital and the fighting has become more intense. Qaddafi’s loyal forces attacked the rebels from behind, airports have been blocked, it may be a tactics by the Qaddafi forces to protect Qaddafi from any direct attack and to get a safe passage for him. It may also be possible that Qaddafi would have transferred his arms to a safer place, like what the Taliban had done before the NATO attack on Kabul. Rumours of Mullah Umar killing also came to light from time to time but it could never be confirmed. His whereabouts are still unknown. Libya may also witness guerrilla warfare like Afghanistan.

No one has any idea about the whereabouts of Qaddafi but the deadly arms and weapons including raw undeveloped uranium are also untraceable; the rebels have not been able to trace it; so where are these weapons?

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The Siasat Daily (The Politics Daily), Hyderabad
Editorial, 26 August 2011, Friday
9. Rebels Gaining Ground in Libya
The condition in Libya indicates the fall of Col. Qaddafi. According to latest reports the rebels are fast gaining ground in most parts of the country. The capital Tripoli has also come within their control. Qaddafi has gone into hiding and is untraceable. He may have left the country but the US has said that no reports of his fleeing the country have come. Earlier it was speculated that he has taken refuge in a Tripoli hospital. However, this information has also not been verified. The rebels prepared for a decisive assault secretly which Qaddafi could not anticipate and once the rebels attacked, they continuously moved forward gaining control of large parts of the areas in and around Tripoli. The rebels have claimed to have captures most of the country and are now looking for Qaddafi. The rebels have also announced prize money for killing of Qaddafi. Reports of arrest of Qaddafi’s sons have not been verified by any authorised source.

Libya has become another leader to lose power after the start of unrest in the region. The first to go was Tunisian President Ben Ali, and then Mubarak had to step down after massive protests at Tahrir Square in Cairo while the Yemeni leader also had to flee to Saudi Arabia after getting injured in fighting with the rebels. In Libya the unrest did not remain confined to protests but spiralled into armed rebellion. The rebels then got financial and military support from NATO due to which they were able to fight with Qaddafi’s forces. The conditions in Syria are also precarious. The protestors are also demanding removal of Bashar al-Assad and have the support of West. The US has made it clear to the Bashar regime that it should give way for democratic reforms and transition of power. Bashar has put all his energy to control the situation and maintain his power.

There were many reasons due to which the unrest started in the region but the US and West is now trying to manipulate the people’s anger for their own benefit. In case of Libya it can be said that the US had old animosity with Qaddafi and it wanted to protect Israel. Qaddafi had urged the people in the region to start a siege of Israel after which a rebellion against him was created. In the current scenario it can be said that the only reason for rebellion in Libya and intervention by the West was the protection of Israel.
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Roznama Munsif (The Judge Daily), Hyderabad
Editorial, 30 August 2011, Tuesday
10. Qaddafi’s Rule Comes to an End
The rule of Muammar Qaddafi in Libya is taking its last breathes and would not be wrong to say that it has already ended. The rebels have reached the capital city of Tripoli where they faced only nominal challenge. Reports are doing the round that Qaddafi has fled to Algeria; however the Algerian government has denied any such news. There are different opinions about the forces behind the rebellion in Arab countries, but the authoritarian rulers are themselves to be blamed for this situation. The revolution that started in Egypt on 25 January spread its reach throughout the region. Yemen, Libya and Syria were however the worst affected. These rulers of these countries not only ruled with an iron hand but tried to establish dynastic rule. Mubarak had been grooming his son Gamal to lead the country while Saleh had his relatives on all important administrative positions in Yemen while in Syria Hafez al-Assad was succeeded by his son Bashar. In Libya Qaddafi had kept all important positions within the family and his eldest son Seif al-Islam was to succeed him as President.

As far as Libya is concerned Qaddafi had acquired power through a military coup against King Idris and had abolished monarchy. Gradually he himself became an authoritarian dictator who monopolised power and was working to establish a dynastic rule. As the protests started and grew in number and intensity, unarmed civilians were killed and even warplanes were used against the protesters to suppress any protest. In support of the rebellious elements the UN declared entire Libya to be a No Fly Zone. This proved to be first major setback for Qaddafi, but he did not refrain from using military against the unarmed civilians. The rebels were supported by France and other countries while NATO’s bombardments left Qaddafi’s military severely weakened which finally changed the game in favour of the rebels. Qaddafi has reportedly offered negotiations for smooth transition of power but it is very unlikely that the rebels would accept this seeing their strong position and the intervention by France and other countries.

A thorough analysis of the rebellion in Arab countries clearly indicates the interest of the West. The systems of government in these countries have led to accumulation of anger among the people against the ruling class which is being used by the West to extend its interest. In Libya France, Italy and Britain have already started to sign oil deals with the transitional council. Apart from that this could also be a strategy of the Western countries to counter the growing influence of Russia and China in the region. Whatever may be the situation, there is no denying the fact that, it is the Arab rulers who have brought the situation to this position. The influence of various schools of thought among the modern educated class is not a new phenomenon. ‘Democracy’ is the most praised political system in the world today and the international powers including the UN is working to promote democracy all over the world. The dictators in these Arab countries fail to understand that the people who think democracy as the best system will not accept dictators anymore even if they are suppressed by force and intimation. The problem that is all pervasive in the region including whatever happened in Egypt, Libya and Syria can be solved only through reforms based on modern political thoughts. The situation in Libya due to Qaddafi’s uncompromising attitude has worsened and would cause a lot of problems for the people in future. France and other Western countries would be busy in siphoning off the oil resources while it would be testing times for the people of Libya because it would not be easy to fill the vacuum created by the departure of a four decade long rule.

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Translated and Compiled by Md. Muddassir Quamar

Md. Muddassir Quamar is a Doctoral Candidate at the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Email

As part of its editorial policy, the MEI@ND standardizes spelling and date formats to make the text uniformly accessible and stylistically consistent. The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views/positions of the MEI@ND. Editor, MEI@ND: P R Kumaraswamy